Unity3D輸出之圖檔壓縮格式（行動平台）

要對圖檔壓縮進行優化時，須先了解各圖檔之規格，Unity Manual中有提到各平台可支援的各種圖檔格式，請參考在本文結尾的參考文章中的[1]以及Wiki中的資訊。

iOS：

PVRCT
　　貼圖尺寸須為二的冪次方之正方貼圖

Android：

RGB Compressed ETC 4 bits (ETC1)
　(Ericsson Texture Compression, supported by all OpenGL ES 2.0 GPUs)
　4bits / pixel，無Alpha，Android 2.2(Froyo)以上支援

RGBA 16bit
　有Alpha，容量是ETC的四倍（請看參考[1]）。

若要減少Alpha對資源的佔用，有一些技巧可以解決（請看參考[3][4]）。
　方法１，將Alpha Channel抽出，與Color Map連接拼成一張貼圖。
　　優點：一張貼圖、Shader改動較小。
　　缺點：貼圖只能二方連續(one direction wrap)，提高shader效能消耗
　方法２，將Alpha Channel抽出，單獨存成一個檔案，再從shader進行結合。
　　優點：貼圖可四方連續，運用上靈活性較高。
　　缺點：shader需要額外多出一個sampler。

當硬體不支援輸出之壓縮格式時，Unity會將資源以RGBA的方式做Decompress，如此會提高渲染時間、記憶體消耗和Decompress時間（增加讀取階段的時間）。

下表是檔案容量對照（含MipMaps）

尺寸	ETC 4bits	RGBA 16bit	RGBA 32bit
2048	2.7 mb	10.7 mb	21.3mb
1024	682.8	2.7 mb	5.3mb
512	170.8	682.7	1.3mb
256	42.8	170.7	341.3
128	10.7	42.8	85.3
64	2.7	10.7	21.3

參考文章：
[1]http://docs.unity3d.com/Documentation/Manual/Textures.html
[2]http://docs.unity3d.com/Documentation/Manual/android-GettingStarted.html
[3]http://forum.unity3d.com/threads/73998-DXT-or-PVRTC
[4]http://malideveloper.arm.com/develop-for-mali/sample-code/etcv1-texture-compression-and-alpha-channels/
http://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/44134/unity-android-truecolor-texture-performance-hit-and-alternatives-for-truecolor
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9148795/android-opengl-texture-compression

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson_Texture_Compression
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVRTC

Viva la revolucion！: ART TUTORIAL 中文化轉載

Viva la revolucion！: ART TUTORIAL 中文化轉載

利用nvidia DDS Utilities - nvDXT進行DDS轉檔

最近嘗試了幾種dds轉檔的方式，用maxScript的缺陷是在於無法產生alpha，用python透過com操作photoshop則是運行耗時、且我找不到dds的save option，利用nvidia DDS Utilities來進行dds轉檔看來是目前最好的方法。

nvidia DDS Utilities是什麼？nvidia的說明是：
included are a set of utilities for manipulating DDS image files, including:
nvDXT, a command-line binary version of the nvDXT library, 
detach, a tool that extracts MIP levels from a DDS file,
stitch, a tool that recombines MIP levels into a single DDS file and
readDXT, which reads compressed images and writes TGA files.
Download DDS Utilities >> http://developer.nvidia.com/legacy-texture-tools

利用nvDXT即可用command-line的方式來輸出.dds檔案，最簡單的命令如下
nvdxt -profile profile -file file -outdir outdir
nvdxt -profile profile -file file -outsamedir
很方便，可以讀取.psd，-file可運用萬用字元，還可指定profile（由photoshop產生）

----------以下是nvDXT本身的說明內容----------
This program
   compresses images
   creates normal maps from color or alpha
   creates DuDv map
   creates cube maps
   writes out .dds file
   does batch processing
   reads .tga, .bmp, .gif, .ppm, .jpg, .tif, .cel, .dds, .png, .psd, .rgb, *.bw and .rgba
   filters MIP maps


Options:
  -profile : Read a profile created from the Photoshop plugin
  -quick : use fast compression method
  -quality_normal : normal quality compression
  -quality_production : production quality compression
  -quality_highest : highest quality compression (this can be very slow)
  -rms_threshold : quality RMS error. Above this, an extensive search is performed.
  -prescale : rescale image to this size first
  -rescale : rescale image to nearest, next highest or next lowest power of two
  -rel_scale : relative scale of original image. 0.5 is half size Default 1.0, 1.0


Optional Filtering for rescaling. Default cube filter:
  -RescalePoint
  -RescaleBox
  -RescaleTriangle
  -RescaleQuadratic
  -RescaleCubic
  -RescaleCatrom
  -RescaleMitchell
  -RescaleGaussian
  -RescaleSinc
  -RescaleBessel
  -RescaleHanning
  -RescaleHamming
  -RescaleBlackman
  -RescaleKaiser

  -clamp : maximum image size. image width and height are clamped
  -clampScale : maximum image size. image width and height are scaled
  -window : window of original window to compress
  -nomipmap : don't generate MIP maps
  -nmips : specify the number of MIP maps to generate
  -rgbe : Image is RGBE format
  -dither : add dithering
  -sharpenMethod : sharpen method MIP maps
    is
        None
        Negative
        Lighter
        Darker
        ContrastMore
        ContrastLess
        Smoothen
        SharpenSoft
        SharpenMedium
        SharpenStrong
        FindEdges
        Contour
        EdgeDetect
        EdgeDetectSoft
        Emboss
        MeanRemoval
        UnSharp
        XSharpen
        Custom
  -pause : wait for keyboard on error
  -flip : flip top to bottom
  -timestamp : Update only changed files
  -list : list of files to convert
  -cubeMap : create cube map .
            Cube faces specified with individual files with -list option
            positive x, negative x, positive y, negative y, positive z, negative z
            Use -output option to specify filename
            Cube faces specified in one file.  Use -file to specify input filename
  -volumeMap : create volume texture.
            Volume slices specified with individual files with -list option
                  Use -output option to specify filename
            Volume specified in one file.  Use -file to specify input filename

  -all : all image files in current directory
  -outdir : output directory
  -deep [directory]: include all subdirectories
  -outsamedir : output directory same as input
  -overwrite : if input is .dds file, overwrite old file
  -forcewrite : write over readonly files
  -file : input file to process. Accepts wild cards
  -output : filename to write to [-outfile can also be specified]
  -append : append this string to output filename


  -8    : compress 8 bit images with this format
  -16 : compress 16 bit images with this format
  -24  : compress 24 bit images with this format
  -32  : compress 32 bit images with this format

  -swapRB : swap rb
  -swapRG : swap rg
  -gamma : gamma correcting during filtering
  -outputScale : scale the output by this (r,g,b,a)
  -outputBias : bias the output by this amount (r,g,b,a)
  -outputWrap : wraps overflow values modulo the output format
  -inputScale : scale the inpput by this (r,g,b,a)
  -inputBias : bias the input by this amount (r,g,b,a)
  -binaryalpha : treat alpha as 0 or 1
  -alpha_threshold : [0-255] alpha reference value
  -alphaborder : border images with alpha = 0
  -alphaborderLeft : border images with alpha (left) = 0
  -alphaborderRight : border images with alpha (right)= 0
  -alphaborderTop : border images with alpha (top) = 0
  -alphaborderBottom : border images with alpha (bottom)= 0
  -fadeamount : percentage to fade each MIP level. Default 15
  -fadecolor : fade map (color, normal or DuDv) over MIP levels
  -fadetocolor : color to fade to
  -custom_fade : set custom fade amount.  n is number number of fade amounts. fadeamount are [0,1]
  -fadealpha : fade alpha over MIP levels
  -fadetoalpha : [0-255] alpha to fade to
  -border : border images with color
  -bordercolor : color for border
  -force4 : force DXT1c to use always four colors
  -weight : Compression weightings for R G and B
  -luminance :  convert color values to luminance for L8 formats
  -greyScale : Convert to grey scale
  -greyScaleWeights : override greyscale conversion weights of (0.3086, 0.6094, 0.0820, 0)
  -brightness : per channel brightness. Default 0.0 usual range [0,1]
  -contrast : per channel contrast. Default 1.0  usual range [0.5, 1.5]

Texture Format  Default DXT3:
  -dxt1c   : DXT1 (color only)
  -dxt1a   : DXT1 (one bit alpha)
  -dxt3    : DXT3
  -dxt5    : DXT5n
  -u1555   : uncompressed 1:5:5:5
  -u4444   : uncompressed 4:4:4:4
  -u565    : uncompressed 5:6:5
  -u8888   : uncompressed 8:8:8:8
  -u888    : uncompressed 0:8:8:8
  -u555    : uncompressed 0:5:5:5
  -p8c     : paletted 8 bit (256 colors)
  -p8a     : paletted 8 bit (256 colors with alpha)
  -p4c     : paletted 4 bit (16 colors)
  -p4a     : paletted 4 bit (16 colors with alpha)
  -a8      : 8 bit alpha channel
  -cxv8u8  : normal map format
  -v8u8    : EMBM format (8, bit two component signed)
  -v16u16  : EMBM format (16 bit, two component signed)
  -A8L8    : 8 bit alpha channel, 8 bit luminance
  -fp32x4  : fp32 four channels (A32B32G32R32F)
  -fp32    : fp32 one channel (R32F)
  -fp16x4  : fp16 four channels (A16B16G16R16F)
  -dxt5nm  : dxt5 style normal map
  -3Dc     : 3DC
  -g16r16  : 16 bit in, two component
  -g16r16f : 16 bit float, two components

Mip Map Filtering Options. Default box filter:
  -Point
  -Box
  -Triangle
  -Quadratic
  -Cubic
  -Catrom
  -Mitchell
  -Gaussian
  -Sinc
  -Bessel
  -Hanning
  -Hamming
  -Blackman
  -Kaiser

***************************
To make a normal or dudv map, specify one of
  -n4 : normal map 4 sample
  -n3x3 : normal map 3x3 filter
  -n5x5 : normal map 5x5 filter
  -n7x7 : normal map 7x7 filter
  -n9x9 : normal map 9x9 filter
  -dudv : DuDv

and source of height info:
  -alpha : alpha channel
  -rgb : average rgb
  -biased : average rgb biased
  -red : red channel
  -green : green channel
  -blue : blue channel
  -max : max of (r,g,b)
  -colorspace : mix of r,g,b
  -norm : normalize mip maps (source is a normal map)
  -toHeight : create a height map (source is a normal map)


Normal/DuDv Map dxt:
  -aheight : store calculated height in alpha field
  -aclear : clear alpha channel
  -awhite : set alpha channel = 1.0
  -scale : scale of height map. Default 1.0
  -wrap : wrap texture around. Default off
  -minz : minimum value for up vector [0-255]. Default 0

***************************
To make a depth sprite, specify:
  -depth

and source of depth info:
  -alpha  : alpha channel
  -rgb    : average rgb (default)
  -red    : red channel
  -green  : green channel
  -blue   : blue channel
  -max    : max of (r,g,b)
  -colorspace : mix of r,g,b

Depth Sprite dxt:
  -aheight : store calculated depth in alpha channel
  -aclear : store 0.0 in alpha channel
  -awhite : store 1.0 in alpha channel
  -scale : scale of depth sprite (default 1.0)
  -alpha_modulate : multiplies color by alpha during filtering
  -pre_modulate : multiplies color by alpha before processing


Examples
  nvdxt -cubeMap -list cubemapfile.lst -output cubemap.dds
  nvdxt -cubeMap -file cubemapfile.tga
  nvdxt -file test.tga -dxt1c
  nvdxt -file *.tga
  nvdxt -file c:\temp\*.tga
  nvdxt -file temp\*.tga
  nvdxt -file height_field_in_alpha.tga -n3x3 -alpha -scale 10 -wrap
  nvdxt -file grey_scale_height_field.tga -n5x5 -rgb -scale 1.3
  nvdxt -file normal_map.tga -norm
  nvdxt -file image.tga -dudv -fade -fadeamount 10
  nvdxt -all -dxt3 -gamma -outdir .\dds_dir -time
  nvdxt -file *.tga -depth -max -scale 0.5

Send comments, bug fixes and feature requests to texturetools@nvidia.com

Regular Expressions

Regular Expressions　可簡稱 re / regex / regexp
中文則為：正則表示式、正規表示式...
下面的連結對RE有詳細的解說
http://www.regular-expressions.info/reference.html
Regular-Expressions.info
石頭閒語 : RE in JavaScript

RE JavaScript Tester

MAXscript不支援RE（至少Max9是），但是可以藉由dotNet來實行，請見下面連結
For obj in $ do : RE with MAXscript

rx = dotNetClass "System.Text.RegularExpressions.RegEx"
pattern = "^([A-Za-z0-9]+_){2}\d{3}"
s = "robot_leftArm_001"
if (((rx.match s pattern).success) == true) then (print "success") else (print "fail!")

MAXscript : Find biped

想要在max檔案中找出所有的biped有什麼方法比較好？
主要是透過取得Biped的根骨架就能夠判別出有幾組biped骨架，而方法有好幾種...

1. 利用RootNode這個Property
   　bipedNode.controller.rootNode
   這個方式是從網上看到的（影片來源），透過能從所有biped骨頭中獲取的rootNode這個property，可取得biped根骨架 。另外也可使用rootName這個property直接獲取rootNode的name。

   //
   for o in geometry where classof o == Biped_Object and o.controller.rootNode == o do print o

2. 透過Controller的類型
   　classof bipedNode.controller
   利用判別controller的類型來尋找，root的controller類型為Vertical_Horizontal_Turn，root外的biped parts都會是BipSlave_Control，Footsteps即為Footsteps。

   //
   for o in geometry where classof o.controller == Vertical_Horizontal_Turn do print o

3. 透過biped.getNode這個指令
   　biped.getNode [bipedNode | bipedCtrl] [limbName | index]
   只要知道固定部位的limb name或者index即可用biped.getNode傳回該node，而根骨架的limb name是#vertical、#horizontal、#turn，index為13~15。詳見MAXScript Reference：Biped Node Hierarchy

MAXscript : constraints appendTarget

近日用MAXscript來做批次處理，其中有個步驟是先切biped的FigureMode為true，然後Merge物件並appendTarget $Bip01，但是發現取消FigureMode之後物件的座標點仍是merge時的座標，並未依據$Bip01的位移改變。後來發現在appendTarget後必需要取用物件的position（或者直接取用transform）資訊才會正常。不過若是一步一步手動執行，就沒有這個問題，也不是因為使用disableSceneRedraw、undo off、用fn進行addConstraint所導致。

MAXscript : Skin Copy/Paste

--
--選擇已Skin物件執行Copy, 自動記錄bones和存出env, 再選擇要套用Skin的物件執行Paste套回
--需要設定tempDir供存出env檔案用
--by JanusHaung
skinBonesArray = #()
tempDir = "D:/MaxProject/export/"
envFilename = ""

rollout skinCopyPaste "Skin Copy Paste" width:185 height:50
(
 button btn_copy "Copy" across:2
 button btn_paste "Paste"
 label lbl1 ""

 on btn_copy pressed do (
  -- 選擇已skin好的物件並執行
  if $.modifiers[#Skin] != undefined do (
   skinBonesArray = for i in 1 to skinops.getnumberbones $.skin collect skinops.getbonename $.skin i 0
   envFilename = tempDir + $.name + ".env"
   skinOps.saveEnvelope $.skin envFilename
   lbl1.caption = "Skin copied."
  )
 )
 
 on btn_paste pressed do (
  max modify mode
  if skinBonesArray.count > 0 do (
   -- 選擇尚未skin好的模型執行
   if $.modifiers[#Skin] == undefined do addmodifier $ (Skin())
   for i in 1 to skinBonesArray.count do skinOps.addbone $.skin ( getNodeByName skinBonesArray[i] ) 0
   --先執行completeRedraw()才可成功LoadEnvlope
   completeRedraw()
   skinOps.LoadEnvelope $.skin envFilename
   lbl1.caption = "Skin pasted."
  )
 )
)

createDialog skinCopyPaste

[MAXscript] 將所選擇物件轉為物件陣列形式

可將選擇中的物件名稱以#( $node1, $node2, ... )物件陣列的方式印出來

-- 將所選擇的物件名稱輸出成物件陣列形式 by Janus Huang

-- 紀錄下所有物件的名稱
tmp = for o in selection collect o.name

out = "#( "

--把物件名稱去除掉空白格
for i in 1 to tmp.count where matchpattern tmp[i] pattern:"* *" do (

    strNew = ""
    
    --留下space外的字串成array
    strTmp = filterString tmp[i] " "
    
    --將array結合成string後重新丟回
    for s in strTmp do strNew += s
    tmp[i] = strNew
)

for i in 1 to tmp.count do (
    --把物件名稱去除掉()
    if matchpattern tmp[i] pattern:"*(*)*" then
    (
        strNew = "getNodeByName \""+tmp[i]+"\""
        tmp[i] = strNew
    ) else (
        tmp[i]="$"+tmp[i]
    )

    if i != tmp.count then out += tmp[i]+", " else out += tmp[i]+" )"
)

print out

MAXscript : 圖檔轉檔

在MAXscript Reference 9.0中有寫並不支援輸出DDS檔

DDS : BitmapIOClass
instances not creatable by MAXScript, no interfaces or properties exposed

不過先用Max來Render輸出1張dds後，就能夠成功的用ms來輸出dds檔案了


sourceImage = openBitMap  "filename_string" --定義來源檔案(.psd ..)
outputImage = bitmap sourceImage.width  sourceImage.height --定義輸出檔案
copy  sourceImage outputImage --拷貝bitmap
outputImage.fileName = "filename_string" --定義檔案路徑
save outputImage --儲存
close sourceImage

但是openBitMap讀取的PSD檔案不包含alpha（只會有空的alpha 囧）

[3dsMax] 開檔時間異常的慢或者檔案容量異常的大的解決方法

　　有時會發現Max檔案的容量很大或者是開檔案時會異常的慢，但刪除檔案內所有物件後存檔卻沒有變小，這種檔案是空的卻容量很大的狀況是因為有一些沒有實體的數據資料還殘留在檔案內（例如Motion Mixer, reactor..），在網上找到了解決的方式，第一篇文章說明的很清楚，且有ms檔案可下載：

1. Scenes that take a long time to open or save and take up a lot of memory
2. Cleanup of a 3d max file. HELP!!!!! - pietro cunin
   Cleanup of a 3d max file. HELP!!!!! - marcwe
3. max file grew too big pls HELP - Alex Ayuso

簡而言之：

1. 以Maxscript清除trackview nodes的資訊
   

   // 請Copy下面這一行指令在Max中執行
   t=trackviewnodes; n=t[#Max_MotionClip_Manager]; deleteTrackViewController t n.controller; gc()
   // 如果執行後有-- Unknown property: "controller" in undefined 的錯誤訊息代表此方式可能幫不了你了
   
   // 下面將此行指令分行方便瀏覽
   t=trackviewnodes
   n=t[#Max_MotionClip_Manager]
   deleteTrackViewController t n.controller
   gc()
   
   

   如果不會使用Maxscript的話請看下面： 

   

   開啟Maxscript Listener，熱鍵F11

   

   或者直接用左下角的Listener

   

   貼上指令之後按下九宮格鍵盤區的Enter執行

2. 在只需要Objects及Hierarchy的狀況下，只需要File＞New＞Keep Objects and Hierarchy，就可存出乾淨的檔案
   
3. 也有可能只是Biped骨架系統的Copy Collections造成，刪除掉即可

   

   有時會重覆載入過多的collections，刪除掉即可

MAXScript : 讓Max說話

在網路上發現的有趣東西XD

透過OLE使用語音功能
theVoice = CreateOLEObject "SAPI.SpVoice"
theVoice.Speak "Hello"
如此就能讓MAX說話了 : D

來源 http://www.cnblogs.com/sitt/archive/2011/11/22/2258834.html

MAXscript : Display Layer

Interface: LayerManager

.count
Get the number of layers in the scene
.current
Returns a LayerProperties MixinInterface to the current layer.

getLayerFromName #name
Returns a LayerProperties MixinInterface to the layer with the given name.

選取Layer中的物件
layer = layerManager.getLayerFromName #name
--Returns true on success, and an array of all nodes on the layer in the by-reference Out parameter.
layer.nodes &theNodes
select theNodes